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Light emitting diodes (LED) have been around a long time, but in the last
couple of years they have improved vastly, and now we are seeing a new
generation of low energy bulbs, however at the moment the cost is very high.
Unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they
don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't get hot. They are
illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material,
and they last a long time.
LEDs are made from a conducting material called aluminum-gallium-arsenide,
This semiconductor with extra electrons is called N-type material, since it
has extra negatively charged particles. In N-type material, free electrons
move from a negatively-charged area to a positively charged area.
 All
diodes release light, but not very effectively, LEDs are constructed to
release a large number of photons outward. Additionally, they are housed in
a plastic bulb that concentrates the light in a particular direction.
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